ARFID stands for Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder. It is an eating disorder where a person avoids or restricts food but not because of weight or shape concerns. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies, weight loss or faltering growth, and distress.

How is ARFID different from picky eating?

Picky eating is common and usually temporary. ARFID is more severe and persistent, with avoidance that leads to health issues, significant distress or interference with daily life, such as avoiding social situations where food is present.

What are common signs of ARFID?

Signs include a very limited range of foods, strong reactions to textures or smells, fear of choking or vomiting, skipping meals, poor energy, weight loss or faltering growth, and anxiety around eating.

ARFID can be linked to sensory sensitivities, a past choking or vomiting event, high anxiety or neurodevelopmental differences. Several factors often interact.

How is ARFID diagnosed?

A clinician assesses eating patterns, growth, nutrition and the impact on daily life, and rules out other medical causes. Diagnosis is based on clinical criteria and may include dietary and medical checks.

How is ARFID treated?

Treatment can include psychological therapies, nutrition support and gradual exposure to new foods. Care often involves a multidisciplinary team and support for families and schools.

When should we seek help?

Seek help if a young person is losing weight, not growing as expected, showing nutritional deficiencies, or is very anxious about eating. Start with your GP or local eating disorder service. If you suspect medical instability, seek urgent care.

What is ARFID? Understanding this eating difficulty

Home » Mental health advice » What is ARFID? Understanding this eating difficulty

Update: 20 August 2025

Eating difficulties are common in early childhood, but for some children, these challenges extend far beyond typical fussy eating behaviours. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is an eating disorder that significantly affects the physical and emotional well-being of a child. Unlike other eating disorders, ARFID is not driven by concerns about body image; it often stems from extreme food aversions, sensory sensitivities, or traumatic experiences.

What is ARFID?

ARFID stands for Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder, which refers to a pattern of eating where an individual avoids or restricts food intake, leading to significant nutritional, physical, or emotional consequences. Unlike anorexia or bulimia, ARFID is not related to weight loss goals or body image concerns.

Children with ARFID may exhibit the following behaviours:

– Consuming very small amounts of food

– Avoiding specific food textures, colours, or smells

– Expressing fear of choking, vomiting, or allergic reactions

– Displaying distress at mealtimes or avoiding eating in social settings

– Repeating particular meals and food types that they feel safe eating

ARFID can develop in early childhood but may persist into adolescence and adulthood without proper intervention.[3] Reliable statistics on Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) are still emerging, as it is a relatively new diagnosis. Nonetheless, recent studies provide valuable insight into its prevalence. According to a study published by the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 2023, ARFID may affect up to 5% of children, although these numbers could be underreported due to misdiagnosis or a general lack of awareness about the condition [1].

ARFID is more commonly diagnosed in boys than in girls, which contrasts with trends observed in other eating disorders.[5] Additionally, research shows that children with autism or sensory processing difficulties are significantly more likely to receive an ARFID diagnosis.[2] Furthermore, NHS England has reported a rise in referrals for ARFID-related concerns, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic, as increased anxiety surrounding health and food safety has been noted.[3]

The Impact of ARFID on Children

The effects of ARFID can have a significant impact on various aspects of a child’s life, including their development, mental health, and family dynamics. Key impacts include:

Nutritional Deficiencies

Children with ARFID often miss out on essential nutrients such as iron, calcium, fibre, and protein. This can lead to growth delays, fatigue, weakened immunity, and digestive issues (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2023).

Delayed Physical Development

Chronic under-eating or limited food variety can lead to low body weight, slower growth rates, and delayed puberty in older children.[2]

Social and Emotional Effects

Children with ARFID may experience:

– Anxiety around food and mealtimes

– Embarrassment about eating in front of others

– Social withdrawal, such as avoiding social events or school lunches

– Low self-esteem[5]

Family Stress

Caregivers may feel helpless or frustrated, especially when mealtimes become contentious. ARFID can disrupt family routines, travel, and social activities, contributing to emotional strain at home.[4]

How Parents Can Support a Child with ARFID

While ARFID can be a challenging condition, early recognition and professional support can make a significant difference. Here are several practical strategies for parents to support their child:

Seek a Formal Diagnosis

Consult your GP to discuss your child’s eating habits and behaviours. ARFID is best diagnosed by a mental health or eating disorder specialist, typically involving:

– A review of eating habits and physical health

– An assessment for other conditions (e.g., autism, sensory processing issues, anxiety)[3]

Stay Calm and Non-Judgmental

Avoid forcing or bribing your child to eat. Instead, create a low-pressure, supportive environment. Children with ARFID are not being defiant; their anxiety or sensory issues can be overwhelming.[6]

Use Gentle Exposure Techniques

With professional guidance, gradually introduce new foods through methods such as food chaining (e.g., evolving from one texture or flavour to a similar one). Understand that changes may take time progress is gradual.[4]

Maintain Routine and Positive Mealtimes

– Offer a variety of safe foods without pressure

– Keep meals relaxed and free from screens

– Celebrate small wins, such as trying a new texture or simply sitting at the table

Involve the Support Community

Collaborate with educators, healthcare providers, and family members to ensure consistency in the approach to your child’s eating habits. This shared understanding can alleviate pressure on the child, reducing anxiety.[5]

Conclusion

In conclusion, ARFID is more than just picky eating; it is a complex condition that can profoundly affect various aspects of a child’s life. With early support, patience, and professional guidance, many children can learn to manage their fears surrounding food and ultimately build a healthier relationship with eating. As a parent, your role is not to simply ‘fix’ the problem, but to provide compassionate support and facilitate access to the right resources for your child.

References

1. Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), Royal College of Psychiatrists

2. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2023, NHS Digital. (2023)

3. Children and young people’s eating disorders programme, NHS England. (2024)

4. Eating issues in neurodivergent children, Action for children

5. ARFID, Beat Eating disorders

6. Eating disorders, YoungMinds

Quick help

General Practitioners (GPs): Start by consulting your GP for a referral to local Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) or specialist eating disorder teams

BEAT Eating Disorders (UK), Helpline: 0808 801 0677 , BEAT offers guides for parents, online chats, and helplines

ARFID Awareness UK, A parent-led organisation providing support groups, webinars, and advocacy

National Autistic Society, ARFID is more prevalent among autistic children; the NAS offers advice tailored to sensory needs